ABSTRACT
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute respiratory distress syndrome patients are at risk for fungal infections, especially aspergillosis and mucormycosis. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is differentiated in a pulmonary form and Aspergillus tracheobronchitis (ATB). During the first wave of the pandemic, bronchoscopy for diagnosing Aspergillus superinfections was rarely performed in COVID-19 patients, so that detailed on data on ATB in CAPA patients is scarce. We analyzed prevalence and mortality of tracheobronchitis in patients with CAPA.Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-centre study at the 14-bed intensive care unit (ICU) of the Department I of Internal Medicine of the University Hospital of Cologne, Germany from March 2020 to February 2021. CAPA patients were identified by twice weekly analysis of tracheal aspirates for Aspergillus growth, Aspergillus DNA (PCR) and galactomannan combined with serum galactomannan testing. In case of positive results, bronchoscopy with the examination of trachea and lower airways and bronchoalveolar lavage followed.Findings: A total of 69 COVID-19 patients were admitted to the ICU, with 17 patients developing probable CAPA. All CAPA patients received bronchoscopy resulting in a clinical diagnosis of tracheobronchitis in 8 patients with signs of tracheal lesions, pseudomembranes or vulnerable bloody trachea. Seven bronchoalveolar lavages revealed culture and eight PCR positivity for Aspergillus fumigatus. In 7 of 8 tracheobronchitis patients, bronchoalveolar lavage samples tested positive for galactomannan antigen optical density index of >0.5. The overall mortality of CAPA patients was 52.9% and the overall mortality of ATB patients was 75%.Interpretation: Our data indicate a substantial prevalence of tracheobronchitis in this single-center cohort of CAPA patients. To facilitate early diagnosis bronchoscopic tracheal examination is crucial as computed tomography lacks diagnostic accuracy to enable timely initiation of therapy.Funding Information: This work was in part supported by the German Registry of COVID-19 Autopsies (www.DeRegCOVID.ukaachen.de), funded by the Federal Ministry of Health (ZMVI1-2520COR201), and the project DEFEAT PANDEMICs, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01KX2021).Declaration of Interests: PK reports grants or contracts from German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and the State of North Rhine-Westphalia; Consulting fees Ambu GmbH, Gilead Sciences, Noxxon N.V. and Pfizer Pharma; Honoraria for lectures from Akademie für Infektionsmedizin e.V., Ambu GmbH, Astellas Pharma, BioRad Laboratories Inc., European Confederation of Medical Mycology, Gilead Sciences, GPR Academy Ruesselsheim, medupdate GmbH, MedMedia, MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Scilink Comunicación Científica SC and University Hospital and LMU Munich; Participation on an Advisory Board from Ambu GmbH, Gilead Sciences, Pfizer Pharma; A pending patent currently reviewed at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office; Other non-financial interests from Elsevier, Wiley and Taylor & Francis online outside the submitted work. SvS none. JGB reports scientific grants and travel expenses from Kite/Gilead outside the submitted work. FF has a clinician scientist position supported by the deans office, medical faculty, University of Cologne. JSG none. FP none. BB reports honoraria, travel expenses and advisory role from/for Astellas, Celgene, Johnson & Johnson, Kite/Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda and financing of scientific research by Astellas, Celgene, Kite/Gilead, MSD and Takeda outside the submitted work. DAE received honoraria from Sanofi and TAKEDA outside the submitted work. ASV reports travel grants from Gilead Sciences outside the submitted work. OK reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations or speakers bureaus by Gilead and Pfizer and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services by Pfizer, MSD, Basilea, Gilead, Virotech and Wako Fujifilm outside the submitted work. PB none. MK reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations or speakers bureaus by Gilead, MSD and Pfizer outside the submitted work. OAC reports grants or contracts from Amplyx, Basilea, BMBF, Cidara, DZIF, EU-DG RTD (101037867), F2G, Gilead, Matinas, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, Scynexis; Consulting fees from Amplyx, Biocon, Biosys, Cidara, Da Volterra, Gilead, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Molecular Partners, MSG-ERC, Noxxon, Octapharma, PSI, Scynexis, Seres; Honoraria for lectures from Abbott, Al 344 Jazeera Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Grupo Biotoscana/United Medical/Knight, Hikma, MedScape, MedUpdate, Merck/MSD, Mylan, Pfizer; Payment for expert testimony from Cidara; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Actelion, Allecra, Cidara, Entasis, IQVIA, Jannsen, MedPace, Paratek, PSI, Shionogi; A pending patent currently reviewed at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office; Other interests from DGHO, DGI, ECMM, ISHAM, MSG-ERC, Wiley outside the submitted work.Ethics Approval Statement: Patients with CAPA were included in the FungiScope® global registry for emerging invasive fungal infections (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; National Clinical Trials identifier NCT01731353), which was approved by the local ethics committee of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (identifier 05-102).